Why Latin American Catholics Are Increasingly Practicing...

I. Introduction This paper will answer the question of why Latin American Catholics are increasingly practicing Fringe Catholicism. Catholicism has been an essential part of Latin American identity since it was first imposed on the indigenous people by Spanish colonial powers. The mixture of Catholicism with indigenous religions has led to a different development of Catholicism in Latin America than in other parts of the world. For this reason many people cite, indigenous religions as a reason why there are many practices in Latin America that do not align with the Catholic Church. Yet, the persistent interdependence between the two religious groups does not address the various factors that have led to an increased number of people praying to` non-canonized folk saints. This puzzle is important for it addresses a significant cultural shift in an essential aspect of Latin American identity. Through various revolutions and almost consistent instability in various countries, Catholicism has been a dependable creator and developer of Latin American identity. Therefore the increased practice of Fringe Catholicism becomes a question not only of cultural identity but also one which addresses the shifting relationships between practitioners and other members of the community. Yet, the previous literature is consistently lacking in providing a detailed explanation of why people pray to these various folk saints and rather answer the question of why these saints exist. A more

Last year I did my placement in Cork Simon Communities Outreach project Free Essays

Last year I did my placement in Cork Simon Communities Outreach project. I really enjoyed this placement and as I had a lot of knowledge on this project I decided to do my Community Development project on the Outreach project. I realised while working on the Outreach team how important the service was because when young people first become involved in street life they do so because they see no other option. We will write a custom essay sample on Last year I did my placement in Cork Simon Communities Outreach project or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many leave situations of acute family breakdown or violent situations. They may have been exposed to alcoholism, drug addiction, abuse and have lived under the strain of poverty and unemployment. Street life seems to me like an insecure, lonely, frightening and dangerous situation for any person to find himself or herself in. Unfortunately people living on the streets are quickly exposed to alcohol, drugs, crime and prostitution. Many people do not know how to get help and many have lost contact with services. For the most part people who are out of home are not easily identified. They â€Å"hang around† and dress similarly to other people. They have however, no consistent support or care and nowhere they call home. For the most part they are invisible. This is where the Outreach Street Service’s importance comes in; The Outreach team has a good understanding of the situation among people on the streets. Outreach contacts people out of home at risk. Outreach befriends people and builds trusting relationships with people. The Outreach team provide information about services provided and the location of these services. Oliver Hoegener created ‘The Yellow Leaflet’ which Simon published and the Outreach team always carry these leaflets to give to new people on the streets of Cork. Outreach also puts people in contact with services and all street work is documented. History The Simon Community was established in Ireland in 1969, there are now 4 Simon Communities in the Republic of Ireland; Dublin, Dundalk, Galway and of course Cork which was set up in 1971. The philosophy of the Simon Community is the framework, which guides the community’s policies, practice and day-to-day running of its projects. The guiding principles set the parameters within which the staff work and residents live while in the community. The community’s philosophy is based on Acceptance, Community, Long-Term Care and Campaigning. The philosophy also embraces and includes, A commitment to justice, sharing, creating space for people, being as democratic as possible, being part of the wider community, providing care, support and solidarity, valuing relationships, encouraging participation, inclusiveness. The community also has a strong voluntary ethos. The community’s policy is to: Empower people, to encourage independence, to encourage people to take responsibility, to be inclusive and to facilitate those who wish to tackle any difficulties they may face such as alcohol and drug addictions etc. Change is not a primary focus, though it is facilitated where possible. There is a strong emphasis on Confidentiality in Simon, all matters relating to residents remains confidential and all people involved in Cork Simon Community must bear in mind that all clients have a right to privacy. This enables trusting relationships to be built within and between various members of the community. All workers must respect clients as individuals with the ability to make decisions and changes in their lives, in light of their beliefs and values. The Outreach project is a new project of the Cork Simon Community. Since January 2002, the two Outreach workers (Carmel Moore Oliver Hoegener) have been doing intensive street work in Cork. The project is targeting ‘rough sleepers’ and offers easy access to support and advise on a wide range of issues. One of the main aims of the project is harm reduction and prevention as well as making and maintaining contact with service users on the street. The Outreach team liaise’s with other agencies such as Drug and Alcohol Services, the Homeless Adolescent Unit and the other Drug Task Force Projects. Outreach links in with a wide number of other groups in the city e.g. YMCA, Gardai, Southern Health Board, local community groups, youth workers etc. Outreach works in collaboration with the existing Youth Homeless Drug Prevention Project as well as with other Simon projects, such as (1) The shelter; where the Outreach worker and shelter staff can establish times that the outreach team can bring people into the building to gain access to the shelters services. (2) Day centre; again the outreach team works from the day centre in befriending people and building new relationships with ‘rough sleepers’. (3) The Soup run; The nightly soup run meets between 60-80 people each week some are sleeping rough while others are living in the private rented sector or in corporation flats. The Soup Run provides hot meals, blankets, advice and companionship for the homeless. In March 2002 the Outreach team set up a Lunch run, they were aware of the need for a weekend service because places like the Upper Rooms only provide a Monday to Friday service and a lot of Cork’s homeless people were dependant solely on the soup run at weekends as their only source of food, similar to the soup run, the lunch run gives out tea, soup, sandwiches and fruit in the evening around the streets of Cork city, I think this was an excellent service to set up because while on placement I did the lunch run and it proved to get very popular after a few weeks of being established, it is only the Outreach workers which do the lunch run. The two Outreach workers work more closely with the Youth Drugs worker and liase with the volunteer co-workers on the nightly soup run. Managed The Crisis Services Manager who is accountable to the director of cork Simon manages outreach. Financed A substantial amount of money required to run the Simon Community on a day-to-day basis is raised by the community itself through voluntary fund-raising such as flag days, church gate collections, Simon shops and sponsored events. The State also contributes to the Simon Communities running costs in the form of rent. While each Simon Community is autonomous and is responsible for financing and running its own projects, all Communities work closely together and collectively form a national federation with the national office in Dublin acting as a resource, servicing and co-ordinating agency. Working together as a national body has many practical advantages and gives expression to that founding principle which states that no one community alone can ever be Simon. Evaluation From working in the Simon Community I do believe that the organisation is a very successful one. From attending weekly meetings where issues like barrings, a residents physical/mental health, issues that occurred in all areas of Cork Simon etc, were being discussed, I realised how complex it was just to run the whole project and how some decisions that were made had such a huge impact on other people e.g. a rough sleeper being barred from the use of all Simons services, these decisions really annoyed the Outreach team because then as the Outreach worker it is your duty to go out on the streets, find this rough sleeper and try to get them into other services. Even though the whole organisation is so complex and controversial you just have to look back at Simon’s vision of society where: there is no homelessness, and compassion, respect and empathy are the core of the community’s relationships, and justice, equality and social inclusion are central to state policy. Also the mission of the Simon Community to develop preventative strategies that will divert people becoming homeless, to campaign for the right for appropriate accommodation and responsive services for the homeless, to provide quality care, accommodation and services which support and empower people who are homeless, marginalized, vulnerable or socially excluded. I believe that the policy of Simon and the Core Values are very realistic, Simon does not discriminate and in theory the organisation is getting stronger and providing an essential service for the homeless of Cork. How to cite Last year I did my placement in Cork Simon Communities Outreach project, Papers

Ethical and Legal Complexities for Driscoll-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEthical and Legal Complexities for Driscoll Reflective. Answer: Solving Nursing Ethical and Legal Complexities using Driscolls Reflective Framework What? In this reflective essay on how to find out the ethical and legal complexities in my case scenario, I will describe my nursing experience at my practice placement and my encounter with a critical nurse who is nerve wrecking when things are not done her way as she has ordered. Using the Driscolls reflective model, I will demonstrate my understanding and familiarity with the fundamental concepts of ethical practice in the nursing field. The key ethical practice in nursing which is a medical field requires thinking and incorporation of ethics to handle ethical dilemmas like the one I was confronted with in during practice placement. First, as a medic practitioner, I should have had these several key ethical concepts of medical thinking such as self- determination which is the ability to act and decide for oneself (Quinn, 2013, p. 33). Therefore, in my scenario at the hospital ward when the confrontation with the registered nurse rose, I was able to stand my ground and refused to recap t he needle. According to Driscolls reflective model, the ethical and legal complexities take three processes that I should reflect on my practice as a nursing student in practice (Engelbrekt Nergelius, 2013, p. 78). It helps me tackle the first bit of the complex nature of what? Here is where I get to explain what happened that is when the registered nurse requested me to give an insulin injection to a patient. When I went to the patient, I administered her injection and realised that I had not brought the kidney dish with me Therefore, stranded beside the patient, I see the registered nurse looking at me I panicked for I could not trace the sharps container in the room. The registered nurse having noticed my panic instructs me to recap the needle which I refused knowing very well the dangers associated with recapping of a needle. She repeated the order which I ignored, and for a third time, she shouts at me causing me to be distressed and become anxious hence I obey her command. When trying to recap the needle, the needle pierces me on my left thumb, and the nurse jubilantly tells the patient that she wants to take a blood sample from her to know the disease I had contracted from the patient (Driscoll, 2016, p. 90). So What? The second part Driscoll's model seeks to answer so what? It explains what I was feeling which is I was feeling anxious and distressed, what was right or wrong about the experience in which there was nothing good about the experience but bad as there was a higher risk of contracting a serious blood borne disease from the patient. The other key concept that I should be able to demonstrate is competence in my field of speciality which is nursing. I was able to show that I have the capacity to what it takes to be a nurse since I had been trained fully as a nurse and well equipped with the nursing skills and knowledge. Therefore, I was be able to show that am competent, I knew what I was doing, and it was the right thing to be done. Confidentiality is the other concept as a nurse I was be able to demonstrate. Being ethically confidential means that patients can trust you with their medical condition.. As a medic, I should maintain privacy and also have confidence in what I am doing for my patients. My nursing practice should not be based on trial and errors. Benefit or harm is also another of the key concepts a medic practitioner should be able to demonstrate and I being a nurse in practice; I should have the skills to know that whatever I am doing will either harm or benefit the patient. The beneficence indicates that nurse should do well and the non-maleficence principle shows that I should not hurt my capacity as a nurse (Delany Molloy, 2014, p. 67). The nurses main ethical rule is to take care and nurture the patients rather than cure them as the doctor. Therefore, it is important that I should always do whatever is in my capacity to take care and benefit the sick person in my custody. I should be guided by fairness and equity are whereby I will be treating all patients justly without discrimination of any kind, and I should give them my best part as a nurse promoting justice in health issues. Honesty, truth-telling and truthfulness should also be embraced in which I should tell my patients what medication am administering to them, where they are ailing and the side effects of the drug. As a nurse in practice, I should also let my patients know their rights, and I should understand my rights as well in matters of medical practices. The ethical and legal complexities according to my scenario and my understanding of nursing ethics and the medical ethical principles was both ethically and legally wrong to order me to recap the needle. Also, it was wrong for the registered nurse to go ahead in a jubilant mood to tell the patient that she will continue to remove blood from her in a view to know the infection I had contracted. The act by the nurse in itself shows that the registered has no good morals hence she is not guided by the code of ethics of nurses (Roth, Boelens Zwarteveen, 2015, p. 43). The nurse violated the principle of nursing of non-maleficence by intentionally forcing me to harm myself while she should have embraced the beneficence concept which urges all medical personnel to do good at all times to their patients, colleagues and visiting persons in the hospital or medical facility (Palmirani, 2012, p. 56). The code of conduct and ethics for nurses does not allow the nurse to play part to evil which the registered nurse did by forcing me to recap the needle and also having me accidentally inject myself with the same needle had used on the patient. The registered nurse failed to put into consideration the risks associated with recapping of the needle such as increasing the likelihood of needle-stick injury which can potentially transfer dangerous blood borne diseases. Now What? The third process seeks to answer the now what question which I think would be wise for me to take laboratory tests on myself and know how I could have affected. This should have followed by undertaking respective vaccination to protect my health (Lynch, 2015, p. 34). About what I would do if it happens again and if I would do it differently is a yes for I would not allow the nurse to scare me to do wrong again. The evidence of developing ethical awareness and how self- reflection may inform my practice and relations with others can be demonstrated in my next interaction with the patients, colleagues and the general public (Butts Rich, 2016, p, 78). However, it is important to note that the registered nurse was morally wrong, her code of conduct and ethics as well as her public relations are of low quality. The evidence of ethical awareness can be evident by how I got the motivation to search and read widely on nursing ethics and code of conduct. The self-reflection helped me get more practical experience that makes me always to remember the risks I was exposed to and how I am a living testimony to my friends and college students who had different experiences in their practical. Therefore, it is important for students, patients and nurses to be reminded the ethical and legal perspectives of ethical dilemmas they are faced with in the nursing and medical field. As a nurse after self-reflection, I vowed to always have the key concepts of nursing with me to guide me in my practical and nursing duties which need to be carried out with caution (Benjamin Curtis, 2010, p. 32). The basic principles of nursing ethics are beneficence, non-maleficence, respect for autonomy that promote human dignity, emphasise relationships and collaborative care provided to patients by nurses such as myself. Virtues, morals and code of ethics go hand in hand. This is what I have learnt from my personal experience with the ethically immoral registered nurse. As the saying goes, experience is the best teacher in someones life. The vulnerability of patients and practising students such as me can be taken advantage of by ignorant and immoral nurses who do not value human life and dignity. References Benjamin, M. Curtis, J. (2010).Ethics in nursing: cases, principles, and reasoning.Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. Butts, J. Rich, K. (2016).Nursing ethics: across the curriculum and into practice.Burlington, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Engelbrekt, A. Nergelius, J. (2013).New directions in comparative law. Cheltenham,UK Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar. Fry, S., Veatch, R. Taylor, C. (2011).Case studies in nursing ethics. Sudbury, MA:Jones Bartlett Learning. Palmirani, M. (2012).AI approaches to the complexity of legal systems: models and ethicalChallenges for legal systems, legal language and legal ontologies, argumentation and Software agents: International Workshop AICOL-III, held as Part of the 25th IVR Congress, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, and August 15-16, 2011: revised selected papers.Berlin New York: Springer. Romeu, P. (2010).AI approaches to the complexity of legal systems: complex systems, theSemantic web, ontologies, argumentation, and dialogue: international workshops AICOL I/IVR-XXIV Beijing, China, September 19, 2009 and AICOL-II/JURIX 2009, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, December 16, 2009: revised selected papers. Berlin: Springer. Roth, D., Boelens, R. Zwarteveen, M. (2015).Liquid relations: contested water rightsAnd legal complexity. New Brunswick, N.J. London: Rutgers University Press. Thompson, I. (2016).Nursing ethics. Edinburgh New York: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. Ulrich, C. (2013).Nursing ethics in everyday practice. Indianapolis, Ind: Sigma Theta Tau International Delany, C. Molloy, E. (2014).Clinical education in the health professions. Chatswood,N.S.W: Elsevier Australia. Driscoll, J. (2016).Practising clinical supervision: a reflective approach for healthcare Professionals. Edinburgh New York: Baillie?re Tindall. Johns, C. (2014).Becoming a reflective practitioner. Chichester, U.K. Ames, Iowa: Wiley Blackwell. Lynch, L. (2015).Clinical supervision for nurses. Oxford Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. Quinn, F. (2013).The principles and practice of nurse education. Cheltenham, U.K

Operations Management free essay sample

Importance of Operations Management to the success of business (McDonald’s) Operations management refers to the activities, decisions and responsibilities of managing the resources which are dedicated to the production and delivery of products and services. Operations management exists in very organization and is very important in business operations since it forms the heart of the organisation by controlling the system of operation. McDonalds Corporation  is the worlds largest chain of  fast-food  restaurants. The business began in  1940, with a  restaurant  opened by siblings  Dick and Mac McDonald  in  San Bernardino,  California. Their introduction of the Speedee Service System in  1948established the principles of the modern  fast-food restaurant. Today McDonalds restaurants are found in 120 countries and territories around the world and serve nearly 54 million customers each day. http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/McDonalds McDonald’s is a fast pace restaurant providing the fast food, the operations management in McDonald’s is very important because it helps the restaurant to perform effectively and efficiently. We will write a custom essay sample on Operations Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Operations management includes the whole planning of the product, capacity, and process, lay out, quality, etc. which is connected to the customer satisfaction. Also, the decision made in the operations management has big impact on both of the cost of producing products or services and they are connected to the profit. . 2 Explain the need for a McDonald’s restaurant to produce goods and services to time, cost and quality or specification, and with reference to legal requirements. There are many different types of legal legislation for McDonald’s cover the different aspects of the business such as operations in restaurants, advertising, marketing, company governance, health and safety, employment, sourcing of ingredients, product development. In this part, I will mainly explain about the products and services to time, cost and quality. McDonald’ supports the recommendations of the 1991 Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy (COMA) report and the targets laid down in the Governments’ White Paper ‘The Health of the Nation’ by ensuring products conform with the guidelines. There are general policies of the ingredients used and products in McDonalds such as: McDonald’s 100% pure beef hamburger patties No additives, fillers, binders or flavour enhancers are used in food. Operations management free essay sample Operations management is concerned with the design, planning, control and improvement of an organization’s resources and processes to produce goods or services for customers. Whether it is the provision of airport services, greetings cards, plastic buckets or holidays, operations managers will have been involved in the design, creation and delivery of those products or service each part of the airport – terminals, baggage handling services, aero plane servicing and catering, for example – has been carefully designed to fulfill not only its current role, but also with the possible demands of the next year and even the next 10 years in mind. Birmingham International Airport; is one of the busiest airport in the United Kingdom. Around 20 flight arrive at and depart from the Eurohub Terminal. Airport Personnel oversea a wide range of complex operations, including flights, passengers, terminals, airfield, facilities, staff, equipment, security and ground transportation. Across the runway and acres of tarmac, at the site of the original airport, the overnight freight operation is just beginning to wake up with the arrival of staff and the preparations for the first aircraft from Europe or the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Operations management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some of the 7000 staff from the 150 organizations based at Birmingham International Airport (BIA) sees to the needs of their customers. Question 1) Identify some of the micro operations to be found at the airport. For each one : a) Identify the transforming and transformed resources. b) State which is the predominant transformed resource. c) Describe the output of each micro operation and say who you think its customers are. Answer: In this case study we have found some of the micro operations which have been applied in the Birmingham International Airport. These are as follows- Baggage Handling, Ticketing, Fuel Loading, Aircraft Cleaning, Building Maintenance etc. a) transforming and transformed resources – Transformed resources Transforming resources Bag Baggage Handler Ticket Ticketing Clerk Fuel Fuel Handler Plane Cleaner Building Maintenance Worker b) The predominant transformed resource is the plan. In Operation management plan is the most predominant transformed resource because by proper planning or by imposing proper plan BIA’s Operation Director Richard Heard make the BIA airport is one of the most profitable and organized airport in the world. c) The output of each micro operation and the customers and their outputs are as below – Micro Operation Output of Micro Operation Customer Output of Customer Baggage Handling Reach Destination Passenger Passenger Happy Ticketing Correct Ticket Information Passenger Passenger Satisfaction Fuel Loading Full the Plane Tank With Fuel Airlines Staff Safety Journey Aircraft Cleaning Clean Plane Passenger and Airlines Staff Clean Surrounding Building Maintenance Nice and Solid Building Users of That Particular Building Safe to be Use Question No. -2: Summarize the job of the operation director. What are the main issues/problems he faces in managing the airport? Answer: Operation Director is responsible for supervising the operation of the establishments, to ensure that the highest standards are achieved and maintained in accordance with quality assurance policies and that all legal specifications are adhered to in line with the Health and Safety Policy. The Director of Operations reports to the Chief Operating Officer. In the absence of the Director of Operations, the Chief is designated to exercise authority on behalf of the Director of Operations. Operations director also involve in set up the decision to be taken for long term. Another key task is operational planning. Richard Heard works as an Operation Director in BIA. The main problems he faces in managing the airport through decision making. He has to make a proper decision for coordinating and setting the safety and customer service standards for everyone. For this he need to decide who is going to get the air bridges, who is going to get certain stands, who is going to have their passengers bused to the terminal at peak times, and so on. Operational planning is about making the operation as efficient as possible by working out how they can best allocate their infrastructure to the airlines. Discuss the relationship between the day-to-day tasks and the long-term issues and explain how Richard manages to oversee both at the same time? Answer: Day-to-day jobs or activity is that one’s anyone does every day as a normal part of your life, your job etc. For example-The manager is responsible for the day-to-day running of the hotel. Besides, long-term issues mean any bond issue which having a maturity for long period like 13 months or more. For example-long-term investment etc. There is a relationship between day-to-day tasks and long-term issues. Day-to-day task is involved in long-term issues, because if regular basis of work does not do properly it creates a long-term issue. In an airport management has to maintain the day-to-day activities. For maintaining long-term issues day-to-day task should be done properly. From this case study we see that the Operation Director Richard manages to oversee both day-to-day tasks and long-term issues at the same time. They have appointed terminal managers whose duty is to look after the day-to-day operational problems and they cover the airport 24 hours a day of the week with one senior manager who oversees each shift. The terminal major also deal with the major incidents like bomb threats, thus everyone will be saved and knows what is happening. As an operation director Richard maintains all of these activities for keeping the reputation of the airport for a long time. BIA’s mission is to be the best regional airport in Europe and for this they need to improve everything they do. They also create an impact on the local economy by encouraging inward investment and export. Introduction: Managing the airport is the job of operations director. Managing the airport here means, ensuring the smooth operations occur in and also outside the airport. Other than that is, the operations director must oversee his workers work. He must ensure that all of his workers done their work successfully. Ensuring smooth day to day operations also one of the operations director job. Operations director also involve in set up the decision to be taken for long term. The operations director job is about coordination and setting the safety and customer service standards for everyone to adhere to. Another key task is operational planning. Operational planning is about making the operation as efficient as possible by working out how to allocate the best infrastructure to the airlines.

Yugoslavia-War and Peace essays

Yugoslavia-War and Peace essays The U.S. has a very important job throughout the world. Not only does the government and the military have an important job, but the people do also. As citizens of the U.S., we are talked about around the world about our freedom of speech. Some countries dont approve of our ways, but it is our choice. And on the other hand some countries look on us to help them improve their government. We are number one in the world and that means we have a major responsibility. When countries call upon us to help them in time of need, we should be there with manpower and foreign aid. Our overall role in the world is too help keep peace in other countries. We should stick up for the little countries that need help against a country that we dont believe in. For example, the U.S. has a current conflict with Iraq and the U.S. is helping Kuwait from being taken over. Being number one puts a big burden on our shoulders. Other countries look up to us for help. As for other nations rights, we should give all nations an equal voice in a matter if it concerns them, and help out in a peace process. We shouldnt have any special rights just because we are number one in the world of nations. We should be partly responsible for some actions in the world. If we were called upon to help in a situation and that country gets beat, then we should be held partly responsible. But only if that was our own fault. We should be most interested in places of the world like the Middle East. The U.S. imports oil from the Middle East, and without oil, our country would practically fall apart for a time being. Oil runs our cars, provides electricity for some peoples homes. Without oil, there would be absolutely no transportation. Another nation of interest is Panama. The U.S. has given back the Panama Canal back to Panama. If another country takes or tries to take it over, the U.S. should step in. Panama is a major shortcut ...

Understanding the Visible Learning Theory

Understanding the Visible Learning Theory Educators struggle with a number of questions regarding teaching methods, including: What educational policies have the greatest impact on students?What influences students to achieve?What are best practices for teachers yield the best results? Roughly 78 billion is the estimated dollar amount invested in education by the United States according to market analysts (2014). So, understanding how well this enormous investment in education is working requires a new kind of calculation in order to answer these questions. Developing that new kind of calculation is where Australian educator and researcher John Hattie has focused his research. In his inaugural lecture at the University of Auckland as far back as 1999, Hattie  announced the three principles that would guide his research: We need to make relative statements about what impacts on student work;We need estimates of magnitude as well as statistical significance – it is not good enough to say that this works because lots of people use it etc., but that this works because of the magnitude of impact;We need to be building a model based on these relative magnitudes of effects. The model he proposed in that lecture has grown to become a ranking system of influencers and their effects in education using meta-analyses, or groups of studies, in education. The meta-analyses he used came from all over the globe, and his method in developing the ranking system was first explained with the publication of his book Visible Learning in 2009. Hattie noted that the title of his book was selected to help teachers become evaluators of their own teaching† with the objective of giving teachers a better understanding of the positive or negative effects on student learning: Visible Teaching and Learning occurs when teachers see learning through the eyes of students and help them become their own teachers. The Method Hattie used the data from multiple meta-analyses in order to get a pooled estimate or measure of an effect on student learning. For example, he used sets of meta-analyses on the effect of vocabulary programs on student learning as well as  sets of meta-analyses on the effect of preterm birth weight on student learning. Hatties system of gathering data from multiple educational studies and reducing that data into pooled estimates allowed him to rate the different influences on student learning according to their effects in the same manner, whether they show negative  effects or positive effects. For example, Hattie ranked studies that showed the effects of classroom discussions, problem-solving, and acceleration as well as studies that showed the impact of retention, television, and summer vacation on student learning. In order to categorize these effects  by  groups, Hattie organized the influences into six areas: The studentThe homeThe schoolThe curriculaThe teacherTeaching and learning approaches Aggregating the data that was generated from these meta-analyses, Hattie determined the size of the effect each influence had on student learning. The size effect could be numerically converted for purposes of comparison, for example, an influencer’s effect size of 0 shows that the influence has no effect on student achievement. The greater the size of the effect, the greater the influence. In the 2009 edition of Visible Learning,  Hattie suggested that an effect size of 0,2 could be relatively small, while an effect size of 0,6 could be large. It was the effect size of 0,4, a numerical conversion that Hattie termed as his â€Å"hinge point,† that became the effect size average. In the 2015  Ã‚  Visible Learning,  Hattie rated influence effects by increasing the number of meta-analyses from 800 to 1200. He repeated the method of ranking influencers using the â€Å"hinge point† measurement which allowed him to rank the effects of 195 influences on a scale. T he Visible Learning website has several interactive graphics to illustrate these influences. Top Influencers The number one influencer at the top of the 2015 study is an effect labeled â€Å"teacher estimates of achievement. This category, new to the ranking list, has been given a ranking value of 1,62, calculated at four times the effect of the average influencer. This rating reflects the accuracy of an individual teachers knowledge of students in his or her classes and how that knowledge determines the kinds of classroom activities and materials as well as the difficulty of the tasks assigned. A teacher’s estimates of achievement can also influence  the questioning strategies and the student groupings used in class as well as the teaching strategies selected. It is, however, the number two influencer, collective teacher efficacy, that holds an even greater promise for improving student achievement.  This influencer means harnessing the power of the group to bring out the full potential of students and educators in schools.   It should be noted that Hattie is not the first to point out the importance of collective teacher efficacy. He is the one who rated it as having an effect ranking of 1.57, almost four times the average influence. Back in 2000, educational researchers Goddard, Hoy, and Hoy advanced this idea, stating that â€Å"collective teacher efficacy shapes the normative environment of schools† and that the â€Å"perceptions of teachers in a school that the efforts of the faculty as a whole will have a positive effect on students.† In short, they found that â€Å"teachers in[ this] school can get through to the most difficult students.† Rather than rely on the individual teacher, collective teacher efficacy is a factor that can be manipulated at a whole school level. Researcher Michael Fullen and Andy Hargreaves in their article Leaning Forward: Bringing the Profession Back In  note several factors that must be present including: Teacher autonomy to take on the specific leadership roles with opportunities to participate in making decisions on school-wide issuesTeachers are allowed to collaboratively develop and communicate mutual goals that are clear and specificTeachers are committed to the goalsTeachers work as a team transparently without judgmentTeachers work as a team to collect specific evidence to determine growthLeadership acts responsively to all stakeholders and show concern and respect for their staff. When these factors are present, one of the outcomes is that collective teacher efficacy helps all teachers understand their significant impact on student results. There is also the benefit of stopping teachers from using other factors (e.g. home life, socio-economic status, motivation) as an excuse for low achievement. Way at the other end of the Hattie ranking spectrum, the bottom, the influencer of depression is given an effect score of -,42. Sharing space at the bottom of the  Visible Learning  Ladder are the influencers mobility (-,34) home corporal punishment (-,33), television (-,18), and retention (-,17). Summer vacation, a much-beloved institution, is also negatively ranked at -,02. Conclusion In concluding his inaugural address almost twenty years ago, Hattie pledged to use the best statistical modeling, as well as to conduct meta-analyses to achieve integration, perspective, and magnitude of effects. For teachers, he pledged to provide evidence that determined the differences between experienced and expert teachers as well as to assess the teaching methods that increase the probability of impact on student learning. Two editions of Visible Learning are the product of the pledges Hattie made in determining what works in education. His research can help teachers see better how their students learn best. His work is also a guide for how to best invest in education; a review of 195 influencers that can be better targeted by  statistical significance  for billions in investment...78 billion to start.

Garrett Hardin's The Tragedy of the Commons. W7 disc Essay

Garrett Hardin's The Tragedy of the Commons. W7 disc - Essay Example By procreation, an adult couple locks up a portion of the common resources for the sustenance of the child. This includes the air, water, food and other material necessities that the child would require for survival. But people don’t aspire to merely survive – they want to ‘enjoy’ life’s comforts. So, the process of procreation also locks up more valuable natural resources for the child. Hence, the population problem is a core issue concerning the commons. Published first in 1968, Hardin’s essay displays foresight and identifies an emerging socio-political problem. In the four decades that has elapsed since it was first written, the population of the world has nearly doubled, making the relevance and intensity of the issues raised more acute. Citing the example of the pastoral commons, Hardin correctly points out how, if each herdsman looks after only his own interests, the common meadows will soon get ruined due to over grazing. In a world where resources are infinite, or its consumption is negligible (as when the population is too low), such unfettered consumption of resources makes logical sense for the individual and also the society. In this scenario, not only do the individual and his immediate community prosper, but the species is also propagated, constituting a common good. But the equation changes quickly, once resources become scarce, whereby the consumers feel the ‘finite’ nature of what they use. In thi s scenario, an individual looking after himself and his immediate community is no longer practically viable or morally proper. It is easy to transpose this argument concerning the common pastures to the population question. By analogy and deduction, it becomes quite clear that individuals/parents can no longer be afforded the right to procreate for their own interests. The idea of receiving government sanctions

Jazz History George Gershwin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Jazz History George Gershwin - Essay Example He started his musical training at the age of 13, and was so enthusiastic about it that he dropped out of the school at the age of 15 to work at Tin Pan Alley, a music publishing firm owned by Jerome H. Remick. "Since I found you" and "Raggin' the Traumeri" were the first two songs that George tried to publish but wasn't so lucky. Later on, he was able to get his song "When you want 'em you can't get 'em when you've got 'em you can't get 'em" published but wasn't able to make much impression on the public. First real fame came to him when Al Jolson popularized his song "Swanee" in 1919. Another notable success for him was in 1920, when he was hired to write music for "Scandals". Eventually, George and his elder brother Ira, together, were one of the dominant songwriters of the Broadway. His works such as, Oh, Kay! (1926), Funny Face (1927), Strike Up the Band (1927 & 30), Girl Crazy (1930) and Of Thee I Sing (1931) are one of the few that are worth mentioning. But his most outstanding work was "Rhapsody in Blue" for Paul Whitman Orchestra which opened a new era in the music by bringing Jazz into mainstream music and established it as a credible music genre. Later on he composed "Concerto in F" for New York Symphony Society, which is also considered one of his wonderful works amongst others such as "An American in Paris" and "Second Rhapsody". One of the interesting works he did was folk opera by the name of "Peggy and Bess" along with co-writers, Ira Greshwin, DuBose and Dorothy Heyward, which made its way to Broadway on 10th October, 1935. Disaster struck in July, 1937. George was admitted to Cedars of Lebanon Hospital where he was diagnosed with a brain tumor and was operated. He could not survive and was pronounced dead on 11th July, 1937. His last song "Love is here to stay", is here to stay in the hearts of every one who knew him. In conclusion, Gershwin has always been inspired with the classical European music and he elegantly combined it with something that originated in the gatherings of the African-American communities and managed to bring it into opera houses and Broadway while at the same time inspiring many others. Few of them such as Frank Sinatra, Nina Simone, Bing Crosby and Sting have recorded many of his songs. Many musicians like Ella Fitzgerald, Louis Armstrong, Miles Davis and many more have admired his work by depicting it in their work. In an article by John Rockwell in New York Times, 1987, praises Gershwin by citing Paul Simon's example as how this folk-rock artist carries forward the legacy of the great legend in his work "Graceland". Furthermore, in the same article he says, "If Gershwin didn't push the boundaries of classical music forward in his concert pieces(sic), he at least aspired to transcend the song forms and the limited harmonic language he started with. And that is something that today's ambitious pop art-song composers like Mr. Simon, David Byrne, Stevie Wonder and even Bruce Springsteen could profitably learn from him." In 2007, Library of Congress created Greshwin Prize in the memory of Gershwin brothers, for the artists with lifetime contribution to popular music. So far Paul McCartney (2009), Stevie Wonder (2008) and Paul Simon (2007) have been the three recipients. Works Cited "George Gershwin." The Official Website of George and Ira Gershwin. 2007. Web. 23 Nov, 2010.

Thomas Hobbes †Leviathon Essay Example for Free

Thomas Hobbes – Leviathon Essay Introduction   Thomas Hobbes, a noteworthy political theorist and contemporary of John Locke, offers a concept of justice that is dependent upon the existence of a social structure which he calls the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth arises out of a state of war which he entitles the state of nature. In the state of nature, all men are equal, and thus, they have equal right to liberty. This equality of liberty is without external impediments insofar as how far one is able to extend his own liberty in the preservation of ones self. When men form societies under the social contract, a covenant which expresses their promise to curb their own ambitions and passions, their liberty, in order to work for the common good and to escape the violence that pervades the mere exercise of human nature, is also created. They then, and only then, are able to define justice, which is only realized in the adherence to covenants, and covenants can only be established and adhered to within the Commonwealth. Outside of society, there are no guarantees for protection. Overview In the State of Nature, all men are equal and are equally able to threaten one another. From this equality arises an equality of hope in attaining their ends. What nature has not bestowed upon one man in brute strength, time bestows upon him in experience. The Right of Nature, according to Hobbes, is the liberty each person has to use their own power for their own preservation. Liberty, in this regard, is identified as a lack of constraints upon a person in regards to his own behaviors. If two want the same thing, and they both cannot have it, they become enemies and endeavor to destroy one another (Hobbes chpt. 13). It is thus within the natural order for men to strive for self-preservation, especially when their own liberty is compromised by anothers practice of his liberty. There are three principal causes of quarrels between men in the state of nature. First, competition causes man to attack one another for personal gain, to make himself the stronger of the two and to take that which he seeks from the other. The second reason a man would invade another mans liberty is for the latters own personal safety, and the principal is thus known as diffidence. Finally, the principal of glory, which is the third cause of quarrel according to Hobbes, stems from the want of a reputation and the need to protect it from attacks on an ones personhood, verbal or otherwise. It is ones reputation which makes one powerful and feared in the state of nature, and thus more able to attain what he wants and needs. Because there exists no way for everyone to be assured their liberty will not be infringed by another, they must, therefore, live in a constant state of war. There is no assurance of peace and there are no boundaries dictating the extent to which one can and must go to preserve his own liberty, even if it means the domination of others. Nothing can be unjust. The notions of right and wrong, justice and injustice, have no place (Hobbes Chpt. 13). Therefore, there can be no concept of justice, because justice distinguishes the boundaries existing between one mans ability to protect his liberty in the face of another mans endeavor to destroy it. Force and fraud are the cardinal virtues (Hobbes Chpt. 13). Force ensures ones survival, and fraud ensures ones betterment. Without the fear of punishment, nothing stops men from using them and without justice; the term fraud would have no conceptualization as its negative denotation would not exist in a world with no concept of right and wrong.    Examination The First Law of Nature is to seek peace, which is rational. As the main goal of man under the state of nature is self-preservation, peace cannot be sought unilaterally and it is against the nature of man to seek it when in doing so, he concedes his own liberty. In the state of nature, unimpeded liberty exists, and mans security in his life and liberty is questionable. In such a time, there can not be commerce, agriculture, arts, or society, as there is no means by which to ensure their security. Man must live in constant fear of death and violence, and hence, such aspects of culture cannot subsist under that threat. One has no other refuge, than that which his own strength can furnish to him, hence the importance of the three principles of conflict, which lead to gains in strength, the protection of ones life and liberty, and the protection of ones reputation. Hobbes amalgamates and summarizes the first three laws of nature into what is commonly known as the golden rule. Treat others as you would like to be treated. This rule conceptualizes the birth of the Commonwealth and the social contract, wherein man gives away his right of liberty in order to protect himself from the unrestricted liberty of others who also agree to do the same. This is the birth of both the Commonwealth and justice, and the death of the State of Nature. In order to understand the meaning of justice, one must first understand how Hobbes defines justice. Justice, according to Hobbes, is the keeping of covenants. Therefore, where there are no covenants, there can be no justice. In the State of Nature, there can be contracts, just as within the commonwealth, but not covenants. The reasons are as follows: a contract is the mutual transferring of right in the Hobbsian sense and because it is mutual, it is obligatory on both sides and realized simultaneously, however, insofar as a covenant is a transference of right between men in which one promises to fulfill his obligation in the future, the early performer of his duties can not be assured that the other will perform his end of the covenant because there are no external bridles hinging him to it, containing his ambition. To lay down a mans right to anything is to divest himself of the liberty of hindering another of the benefit of his own right to the same (Hobbes Chpt. 13). Only fear can achieve adherence to the covenant; only coercion can bring about fear; and only the Commonwealth can subdue a mans passions through coercion. Therefore, a covenant in the state of nature is no more than a gift given to another as there can be no guarantee that the first to act will get his due, moreover, justice, according to Hobbes, originally exists within the commonwealth. Conclusion The keeping of Justice within the commonwealth can be explained in two parts; first, by clarification of the role of law, and, second, through Hobbes concept of authorship. Law, as defined by Hobbes, is distinguishable from right insofar as right is the liberty to do, whereas law binds ones liberty. Law, he says, is derived from reason, and reason tells man that he should strive for peace, which is both the grounds for the establishment of society, and the first law of nature. As all voluntary acts are geared towards gain, and laying down the natural right is a voluntary act, it is done so in order to promote the peace, which is both reasonable and beneficial for the all parties in that the peace is maintained. The law that binds man and takes away his ability to infringe on the liberties of others compel men equally to the performance of their covenants, by the terror of some punishment greater than the benefit they expect by the breach of their covenant (Hobbes Chpt. 15). Therefore, it is the established laws of the Commonwealth which place the fear punishment in men and guides them to the fulfillment of their covenants. Secondly, as the Commonwealth is the unification of men who have conferred their power to govern themselves upon either one man, or an assembly of men, called the sovereign, in order to establish the peace, it is in mans nature to strive individually and collectively for peace in order for self-preservation. The sovereign represents the will of the unified men. The sovereign is the sole legislator, and represents the common good. The laws oblige all citizens and if the citizens have quarrel with the laws, then they only have quarrel with themselves. As the common good is represented by the laws, and as the law of nature, under which the Commonwealth and the sovereign alike were created, and the civil laws contain each other and are reasonable, and as it is the citizens who author the laws in respect to the common good, therefore, neither the common good nor the laws can ever be unjust or against reason. References Hobbes, Thomas; Leviathan, ed. C. B. Macpherson (Harmondsworth: Pelican, 1975)

Behavior and Development of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders Ess

This paper will review five studies concerning the behavior and development of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. The studies investigate how autism effects communication, socialization, cognitive development, and a number of other areas. Researchers use many different types of scales to measure and compare the difference between children with ASD and typically developing children. Methodology Study 1 Morgan, Lindee, Wetherby, Amy M., Barber, Angie (2008) Repetitive and stereotyped movements in children with autism spectrum disorders late in the second year of life In this study there were three groups of children between 18 and 24 months of age participated. One group had Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), another group had developmental delays (DD) but autism was ruled out, and the third group had a typical development (TD). They conducted a study in which they videotaped some behavioral samples using the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales Developmental Profile (CSBS). This is a clinical tool that is used to measure repetitive and stereotyped movements (RSM) in young children. The experiment takes about twenty minutes to administer and uses communication techniques such as bubbles, different toys, cheerios, books, and other activities to promote communication is the children. Study 2 Luyster, Rhiannon J., Kadlec, Mary Beth, Carter, Alice, Tager-Flusberg, Helen (2008) Language Assessment and Development in Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorders Participants were based on ages of 18 to 33 months and were picked from collaboration with early intervention in Massachusetts. The sample size was 164 toddlers, 129 boys and 35 girls. 142 were white, 2 were African American, 4 were Asian, 1 American Indian/ Alaska... ...th Autism not only to typically developing children but to children with other disorders or a milder case of autism and using other methods of assessment would work for future research. Study 4 For future research it would help if the sample size was larger because not many people participated in the survey. Study 5 For future studies there should be a control group to compare ASD participants with typically developing participants and also a larger sample size. Concluding Comments The majority of this research focuses on communication, socialization, verbal use, repetitive movements, the assessment, and behavioral responses in children with ASD. Each study focused on a different aspect of the development of children with ASD, but they all reached the same conclusions in the results. Children with ASD develop differently in many areas than typical children.

Hacker and Dreifus

Bob Herbert and Cal Thomas Write Articles Bob Herbert, a New York Times columnist writes on the subject of the american dream in an article titled hiding from reality. He writes of the dreary state of our country filled with ignored public school systems, dangerously underfunded local and state governments, and a failing job economy. Herbert boldly claims â€Å"Wherever you choose to look-at the economy and jobs, the public schools, the budget deficits, the nonstop war overseas- you’ll see a country in sad shape.Standards of living are declining, and american parents increasingly believe that their children are going to inherit a very bad deal† (564). This is one of the first points Herbert makes in his essay. What it appears Herbert is doing is trying to make the situation look as important as possible, that things are heading downhill. Herbert does not specifically assess blame for his claims. Cal Thomas the author of the next article capitalizes on that aspect, which he views as a weakness in Herbert’s essay.Cal Thomas a panelist on Fox News Watch and author of several books writes an article on the same subject titled Is the American Dream Over? Cal Thomas writes a more complex article. Thomas’ main point seems to be balance between arguing some of Herbert's main points, and discussing some of the problems in our country that herbert also covered in his essays. Such as the school system and a seemingly dysfunctional government. Thomas goes on to better define the american dream in order to show it as something besides, as herbert implies in his last paragraph, dead (567). homas suggests â€Å"The rules for achieving the american dream may no longer be taught in and supported by culture but that doesn't mean they don’t work† (570). Thomas leads his readers to infer that the american dream is as effective as it always has been, it has simply just gone out of style. Initially looking at these two articles it is easy to tell that they are full of contradictions and disagreements. As we look deeper into these articles it is revealed that these two authors agree on much more than they would like to admit to.In discussions of the state of the American Dream there have been many controversial issues over the state of our government, school systems and the american dream. on one hand Bob herbert believes that overall the state of our country in relation to the american dream is in a dismal shape, Cal thomas, for similar reasons, also proposes that there are many things in our economy, and government that need fixing. On the matter of public school systems Herbert, as mentioned before, warns us that we have a public education system hanging by threads due to budget cuts.Herbert asserts â€Å"Now although we don't want to admit it publicly, we’ve decided to go in another direction† (566). He states that the government has begun to shift its priorities from education to other things. Here, h erbert reveals a common but imperative (In his eyes) value that is being thrown out the window by government budget cuts. The value being the importance of public education for our youth. He assumes the values to be social standard and uses them to show the malevolence of government budget cuts directed at public school systems.Cal thomas believes the state of our public school systems to be in bad shape paints the picture of â€Å"A monopolistic government school system locked in failing government schools, producing graduates (if in fact they do graduate) who lag behind in subjects that matter† (569). Here Thomas dives even deeper into the public education problem saying that not only is the government saturating the public school system in america but the information being learned is in part insignificant. With this herbert and thomas are in agreement.Thomas, though he would not want to admit it due to the fact that the overall purpose of his essay is a rebuttal of Herbert s essay, is in agreement with Bob Herbert. They both openly state that the school systems are on a steep downhill slope caused by the government. the authors of these essays are clearly in agreement on the state of the public school system, what is less apparent is their underlying values behind these statements. Thomas shares Herberts implicit value that public education is very important. hen looking even deeper you notice that they both seem to be placing blame on the government. They are both implying an inherent immorality of the government system. which seems to be a consistent theme in both articles. On the topic of the american dream Herbert states â€Å"America will never get its act together until we recognize how much trouble were really in, and how much effort and shared sacrifice is needed to stop the decline. Only then will we be able to begin resuscitating the dream. † (567).Herbert implies here that our problems are so severe that we have much more work to do then society has led on, we have to make a big change in our lifestyles if we want to turn this country around. Like Herbert, Thomas also offers a solution to the diminishing state our country appears to be in, he claims â€Å"People who believe a politician of whatever party or persuasion can make their life better than individual initiative are doing more than dreaming; such persons are displaying a cult-like faith, which can never be fulfilled† (570).Thomas is using a what-not-to-do example here in order to imply that individual initiative is what is necessary to help improve the state of the american dream as well as the country. In summary, Herbert believes that it will take societal change in responsibility. We need to realize the gravity of our situation and put a great effort forth to fix it. Thomas with a different approach to the same problem suggests that we must stop relying on the politicians and begin relying on ourselves. It may appear that this is an example o f a disagreement between the two men, it is not. hen we look under the surface we will notice they are actually in agreement. To see the similarities in the argument we must look at the hidden values behind what these men are saying, Starting with Thomas. when Cal brings up the concept of a solution it means he is implying there is a problem, in this case it is a unsatisfactory application of the american dream, the first of the hidden values that can be observed from his statement. This value stems from Thomas and Herberts shared value that we have a mediocre government taking care of us. his leads back to one of the most basic values. The value of our society on an individual level. Thomas and herbert write their essays because they value the importance on each person's quality of life. Thomas speaking of the overindulgence of our government affirms â€Å"This has produced a country of government addicts with an entitlement mentality. These twin maladies have eroded self-reliance , individual initiative, and personal accountability. † (569). Thomas states here that relying on the government is disintegrating our individuality and taking away our freedom, in a way.From this statement we learn that it is healthy for our society to think freely, and to be a healthy society we need a society of individuals, not sheep. This is how Thomas subtly reveals his underlying values that we as human beings are significantly important. Herbert with the same values states it in a different way. Herbert observes â€Å"If student test scores jumped a couple of points or the jobless rate fell by a point and a half, the politicians and the news media would crow as if something great had been achieved. That’s how people behave when they’re in denial. † (566).In herberts next sentence he offers a solution, affirming that indeed it is a problem for the media to veil the conditions in our country, and it is a problem for people to be unaware of it. What B ob is calling for is awareness, in other words he wants for our society to start thinking for themselves because that is the most necessary aspect to create change and reintroduce the american dream. It starts with a society with an individualistic mindset. So, in summary what herbert in thomas are saying is their most important value is that of your everyday Joe. In the sense of this value the two authors are in complete agreement.This is what motivated them to input their values. They want people to wake up and see the dismal reality they face, and make a change. In conclusion, although at first glance it appears that these are two conflicting arguments. It is true that the authors disagree with each other on certain aspects such as their definition and perception of the state of the american dream. One could even argue that they are in total disagreement, but when you begin to read in between the lines and look into their inherent values as people you will notice that their deepe st values and morals are unidentifiable from one another.

Research Paper about Lockers

We really appreciate their presence because without them, we would not be able to improve our research paper. Last but not the least, is our loving and forgiving heavenly Father for giving us knowledge, wisdom and a lot of things we need to make for the completion Of this research possible. Introduction Most students nowadays prefer to do things in haste and in the easiest way, not thinking the consequences they could bring. During schooldays, students prefer to use sling bags instead of using backpacks. That is why they come to the point that they demand a locker, so they can secure their valuables at school.Through this, students would either gain or lose trust to others when leaving their things in their own lockers, not knowing what might happen when they are not around. On the other hand, they would also develop a sense of responsibility in maintaining the cleanliness and security of their own gadgets and school paraphernalia entrusted to them. Lockers are designed for the secur ity of valuable things they often bring at school. Lockers in International Christian School of Dave [ICED] are being criticized by both students and teachers not knowing that this facility could change meson's perspective.Statement of the Problem The main purpose of this research is to help the students know the significance of a simple storage box they call as locker. This one significant locker can be the source of mode in their studies. The following questions must be answered after conducting the research: 1 . Why locker is considered important? 2. What are the suggestions or demands for the improvement of lockers? Objectives of the Research TO determine the importance Of lockers for students To know the students' opinion regarding the improvement of lockers Significance of the ResearchThis research will help the problem of students through high percentage of having back and neck pains. In addition, this will also reduce the chances of students leaving their learning tools at h ome. Scopes and Limitations This research focuses on the gathered data based from the answers of all students in International Christian School of Dave who use lockers. This also focuses on the significance of locker and why it is considered as an important matter to be discussed. Definition of Terms 1 . Locker – normally quite narrow, of varying heights and tier arrangements.It is usually equipped with a lock. It is usually intended for the short or long term private use of individuals for storing clothing or other personal items 2. Self storage – an industry in which storage space such as room or locker is rented to tenants, usually on a short-term basis Review of Related Literature Lockers are usually a small storage component customarily shaped as a rectangle and is metal, which simply designed for leaving stuffs with security. Usually, it's a single tier or two tiers. Every locker is never without its padlock or lock combinations.Lockers are usually placed besides the hallway and are found together with the other lockers in the row. Crisp, 2011) In the busy schedule of students due to their projects, assignments, or seat works, lockers are absolutely a necessity for most of them. It is also a very good place to stock valuable stuffs (mostly cellular phones, gadgets, lunches, extra money, emergency shirts, and other school stuffs) because they can get the privacy and security they want depending on how they use it and how they organize it.Most schools usually managed to set the number of lockers depending on the total student population they are expecting or they need, and is usually more affordable depending on its size but most likely pending on the school's finance management. (Proponents, 2013) Some students agreed that, locker is important and provided some known benefits in having them. However, the opposing party said locker is not necessary to have and provided its disadvantages.Here some of those explanations given: Disadvantages of Having a Locker Cannot refer on the Books at home while it's left on the locker Leaving books on the school locker is not a very good thing to do. Students won't be able to refer on their books for assignments and obviously wont be able to study some lessons ahead of time, which most likely causes them to ratiocinate. (Chelsea, 2007) Get in the crowd during dismissal time Instead of going directly to their classrooms or going straight home, they still need to go to their locker with the other students who are also busy with their lockers or just people talking in the hallway.This might also cause students or even teachers from being late to their classes. (Chelsea, 2007) Problems with the Locks Students always encounter this kind of issue because of misplacing their keys or forgetting their password combinations. This would be a pain in the neck especially when your lock is very hard to be pick or jam. Chelsea, 2007) Foods Left behind will Spoil Some students still left their lunch boxes (if they bring one) in their lockers. They find it disturbing or think it might be a bother if they bring it around all day.Bad thing is there's a possibility they might left it Or forgot about it which causes the food to spoil and might create mold and smells in the hallway especially leftovers. (Chelsea, 2007) Can be Stored for some Illegal Objects Teenagers these days, especially boys, tend to think that being a goon makes them look cooler. And about most of them brings deadly or prohibited paeans or objects in school. These objects includes: guns, knife, mini tool kit, illegal drugs, pornography materials, and other things related to it.In United States, the National Education Association (NEE) is performing locker searches every weekend to ensure the safeness of all the students and school staffs. It was to make sure everything in the locker is not harmful or not against the rules and regulations of NEE and the school itself. However, in Philippines, there are no known po licies or regulation about things to be considered in having a locker. (Cornell, 2013) Advantages in Having a Locker Doesn't need to carry heavy bags Children and teenagers should not carry backpacks which weigh about more than 15% of their respective body weights.It can affect the movement of our spines and may cause musculoskeletal problems that the books students carry are getting thicker which means getting heavier. In this students must have. (Patella, 2013) Won't leave the books at home The students have a locker does not mean they do not need to bring their books at home. It is much better to bring those books you just really need so you will just have lighter things to carry in the next school day. Also, in leaving hose others books at your locker, at least would not forgot to bring your book when there are surprise activities, readings or seawater. Patella, 2013) Safe Storage Everything you have on your locker is only safe when you protected it with a durable lock. Lockers are the only known safest place in where the students can put their things when they are in school, especially when bringing things such as musical instruments, props, and other equipment you really need. Though, this would only work on bigger lockers. Which means the school should consider the size of the lockers basing on the programs and different lubes which needed some individual equipment. Patella, 2013) Developing Responsibilities Everything a student put in his/her locker is all the students' responsibility, on how to keep the lockers safe and how to maintain it. By having a locker, a student will be able to develop his/her responsibilities in things such as organizing, memorizing the password combination or keeping in-mind in bringing the key, and being a able to manage him/herself in. This teaches students about social responsibility and etiquette. (Spineless, 2013) Time Management Managing time is Very important especially in the student's education.One just manage time, never waste it, and make plans for something that is relevant to the future. Just like in having a locker, the students need to manage their time on taking and putting books back in forth in their lockers after every class or breaks. This will prevent them from being late. (Spineless, 2013) Heavy Bags Children and teenagers are still in the developing stage of their body. It is advisable that if possible, only 15% percent of our body should be the limit of the things we carry. Counterpart would cause injuries to the body. These injuries include back pains, neck pains, shoulder strain, and general exhaustion.Patella, 201 3) Larger Lockers Most students in every institution demand a larger locker in which the things they mostly use in school wouldn't need an extra space in their classroom. This would let them bring heavy or large necessary things in school. This would also let them have personal things in their locker too. However, this would take up space in school on which is only l imited. Also, smaller locker sizes are intended to limit the students from being Irresponsible for their lockers. (Kevin, 201 1) Locker Searches Teenagers these days can be very violent. We never know that they have been bringing illegal items to their schools.There are already guilty students that have been found bringing illegal items at school such as guns, illegal drugs, and other deadly weapons; which merely means that this Locker Search policy is very helpful and needed in every school. Locker Searches is scheduled every month in school, assigned persons were tasked to perform an investigation in each lockers in a school and makes sure there are no illegal things inside it. Policy 1005 â€Å"School Locker Use and Locker Searches† which is signed last November 20, 2004 and first implemented by the Yukon Education Public School Branch and now spreading across the world.It is not, forever, yet implemented in the Philippines and there is also no known policy or law against freedom use of lockers. (Moore, 2004) Data Gathering All of the ICED high school students who rent a locker were asked to answer the 8 questions we formulated. This was to know their opinions and thoughts about the main topic of this research. 1. For you, what is the advantage of having a locker? Body would not suffer for carrying lots of stuffs Stuffs would not be left at home and would come in handy when needed during classes Organize the personal space with your own stuff 2.For you, what is the disadvantage of having a locker? Cannot study when books are left at school People can break into it and steal your stuffs Provides a place in keeping concealed weapons and other illegal materials 3. What stuff do you generally put in the locker? Books – Clothes 4. Do you feel that the things in your locker are secured? Yes – No 5. Does the locker's price fit its size? 6. Is the locker expensive or affordable? Expensive – Affordable 7. Is there anything you want to sug gest for the improvement of the lockers?Bigger locker that fit with its price- Affordable price – Bigger lockers 8. What is your main purpose of having a locker? Reduce weight Of baggage Safe storage – personal space Interpretation of Data 1. For you, what is the advantage of having a locker? Based from the survey conducted, 12% or 6 out of 50 persons believe that an advantage in using a locker is being able to organize the personal space with their own stuffs. 24% or 12 out of 50 persons believe that another advantage in using a locker is that their stuffs would not be left at home and would come in handy when needed during classes.A 64% or 32 out of 50 persons, which is the majority of the students who were surveyed, believe that using a locker would not let their body suffer from carrying lots of stuffs which may cause ace and neck pains. Based from the survey conducted, 6% or 3 out of 50 persons believe that a disadvantage in using a locker is that it provides a pl ace in keeping concealed weapons and other illegal materials. 28% or 14 out of 50 persons believe that another disadvantage in using a locker is the tendency that people can break into the lockers and steal their stuffs.A 66% or 33 out of 50 persons, which is the majority of the students who were surveyed, doubt to have a locker for it can be a cause for students not to be able to study because of the tendency that their books would be left inside the locker. 3. What stuff do you generally put in your locker? Based from the survey conducted, 4% or 2 out of 50 persons put clothes inside their lockers. On the other hand, 96% or 48 out of 50 persons put books inside their lockers so that they may lessen their baggage when going to school.Based from the survey conducted, 40% or 20 out of 50 persons feel that their things in the locker are not secured since some of the lockers do not have locks. On the contrary, 60% or 30 out of 50 persons believe that the things in their locker are abso lutely secured. Based from the survey conducted, 24% or 12 out of 50 persons believe that he locker's price just fits its size. On the other hand, 76% or 38 out of 50 persons believe that the locker's price does not fit its size because the price is totally expensive, but the lockers space is too small.Based from the survey conducted, 24% or 12 out of 50 persons find the lockers affordable while 76% or 38 out of 50 persons find the lockers expensive to be used for only one school year. Based from the survey conducted, 6% or 3 out of 50 persons want to have bigger lockers because they want to have single or double tier lockers. 34% or 17 out of 50 persons want to have lockers with affordable price. Lastly, 60% or 0 out of 50 persons want to have both bigger and affordable lockers. 8. What is your main purpose of having a locker?Based from the survey conducted, 12% or 6 out of 50 persons wanted to have a locker for personal space which is used to keep all their materials needed at sch ool. 28% or 14 out of 50 persons wanted to have a locker for safe storage. A 60% or 30 out of 50 person, which is the majority of the students who were surveyed, wanted to have a locker to reduce the weight of baggage that may cause misalignments of bones, back and neck pains. Conclusion Most of the students in ICED think that locker is absolutely important because t provides personal space for each student.In addition, it would lessen back and neck pains caused by carrying heavy baggage. However, the students suggest that changes should be pertaining to the lockers. First, the students demand for a bigger locker so that they would be able to put things such as musical instruments, props and sports equipments in it. Second, the students demand for much affordable price that fit with the locker's size which means the price should be acceptable with its own size. Third, the students demand that each locker should have a lock so that they would be able to use their lockers for the enti re school year.

Using Delphi Queries With ADO

Using Delphi Queries With ADO The TADOQuery component provides Delphi developers the ability to fetch data from one or multiple tables from an ADO database using SQL. These SQL statements can either be DDL (Data Definition Language) statements such as CREATE TABLE, ALTER INDEX, and so forth, or they can be DML (Data Manipulation Language) statements, such as SELECT, UPDATE, and DELETE. The most common statement, however, is the SELECT statement, which produces a view similar to that available using a Table component. Note: even though executing commands using the ADOQuery component is possible, the  ADOCommandcomponent is more appropriate for this purpose. It is most often used to execute DDL commands or to execute a stored procedure (even though you should use theTADOStoredProc  for such tasks) that does not return a result set. The SQL used in a ADOQuery component must be acceptable to the ADO driver in use. In other words you should be familiar with the SQL writing differences between, for example, MS Access and MS SQL. As when working with the ADOTable component, the data in a database is accessed using a data store connection established by the ADOQuery component using itsConnectionString  property or through a separate ADOConnection component specified in the  Connectionproperty. To make a Delphi form capable of retrieving the data from an Access database with the ADOQuery component simply drop all the related data-access and data-aware components on it and make a link as described in the previous chapters of this course. The data-access components: DataSource, ADOConnection along with ADOQuery (instead of the ADOTable) and one data-aware component like DBGrid is all we need.  As already explained, by using the Object Inspector set the link between those components as follows: DBGrid1.DataSource DataSource1 DataSource1.DataSet ADOQuery1 ADOQuery1.Connection ADOConnection1 //build the ConnectionString ADOConnection1.ConnectionString ... ADOConnection1.LoginPrompt False Doing a SQL query The TADOQuery component doesnt have a  TableNameproperty as the TADOTable does. TADOQuery has a property (TStrings) called  SQL  which is used to store the SQL statement. You can set the SQL propertys value with the Object Inspector at design time or through code at runtime. At design-time, invoke the property editor for the SQL property by clicking the ellipsis button in the Object Inspector.  Type the following SQL statement: SELECT * FROM Authors. The SQL statement can be executed in one of two ways, depending on the type of the statement. The Data Definition Language statements are generally executed with the  ExecSQL  method. For example to delete a specific record from a specific table you could write a DELETE DDL statement and run the query with the ExecSQL method.The (ordinary) SQL statements are executed by setting the  TADOQuery.Active  property to  True  or by calling theOpen  method (essentialy the same). This approach is similar to retrieving a table data with the TADOTable component. At run-time, the SQL statement in the SQL property can be used as any StringList object: with  ADOQuery1  do begin  Close; SQL.Clear; SQL.Add:SELECT * FROM Authors SQL.Add:ORDER BY authorname DESC Open;   end; The above code, at run-time, closes the dataset, empties the SQL string in the SQL property, assigns a new SQL command and activates the dataset by calling the Open method. Note that obviously creating a persistent list of field objects for an ADOQuery component does not make sense. The next time you call the Open method the SQL can be so different that the whole set of filed names (and types) may change. Of course, this is not the case if we are using ADOQuery to fetch the rows from just one table with the constant set of fields - and the resulting set depends on the WHERE part of the SQL statement. Dynamic Queries One of the great properties of the TADOQuery components is the  Params  property. A parameterized query is one that permits flexible row/column selection using a parameter in the WHERE clause of a SQL statement. The Params property allows replacable parameters in the predefined SQL statement. A parameter is a placeholder for a value in the WHERE clause, defined just before the query is opened. To specify a parameter in a query, use a colon (:) preceding a parameter name.  At design-time use the Object Inspector to set the SQL property as follows: ADOQuery1.SQL : SELECT * FROM Applications WHERE type    :apptype When you close the SQL editor window open the Parameters window by clicking the ellipsis button in the Object Inspector. The parameter in the preceding SQL statement is namedapptype. We can set the values of the parameters in the Params collection at design time via the Parameters dialog box, but most of the time we will be changing the parameters at runtime. The Parameters dialog can be used to specify the datatypes and default values of parameters used in a query. At run-time, the parameters can be changed and the query re-executed to refresh the data. In order to execute a parameterized query, it is necessary to supply a value for each parameter prior to the execution of the query. To modify the parameter value, we use either the Params property or ParamByName method. For example, given the SQL statement as above, at run-time we could use the following code: with ADOQuery1 do begin Close; SQL.Clear; SQL.Add(SELECT * FROM Applications WHERE type :apptype); ParamByName(apptype).Value:multimedia; Open; end; As like when working with the ADOTable component the ADOQuery returns a set or records from a table (or two or more). Navigating through a dataset is done with the same set of methods as described in the Behind data in datasets chapter. Navigating and Editing the Query In general ADOQuery component should not be used when editing takes place. The SQL based queries are mostly used for reporting purposes. If your query returns a result set, it is sometimes possible to edit the returned dataset. The result set must contain records from a single table and it must not use any SQL aggregate functions.  Editing  of a dataset returned by the ADOQuery is the same as editing the ADOTAbles dataset. Example To see some ADOQuery action well code a small example. Lets make a query that can be used to fetch the rows from various tables in a database. To show the list of all the tables in a database we can use the  GetTableNamesmethod of the  ADOConnection  component. The GetTableNames in the OnCreate event of the form fills the ComboBox with the table names and the Button is used to close the query and to recreate it to retrieve the records from a picked table. The () event handlers should look like: procedure TForm1.FormCreate(Sender: TObject); begin ADOConnection1.GetTableNames(ComboBox1.Items); end; procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject); var tblname : string; begin if ComboBox1.ItemIndex then Exit; tblname : ComboBox1.Items[ComboBox1.ItemIndex]; with ADOQuery1 do begin Close; SQL.Text : SELECT * FROM tblname; Open; end; end; Note that all this can be done by using the ADOTable and its TableName property.

Path-Goal Style Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Path-Goal Style - Assignment Example Path-Goal theory is also acknowledged as contingency theory which suggests that efficient leadership must be contingent in nature and comprise specific styles as well as attitudes in providing active support to the subordinates in accomplishing their respective work objectives (House, 1996). Thesis Statement This paper intends to discuss about Path-Goal theory relating to leadership style which implements by various organization in order to attain work objectives successfully. Moreover, the identification of the Path-Goal leadership style used in the situation of proving the tasks and the subordinates’ characteristics will also be discussed in the paper. Identification of the Path-Goal Leadership Style Used In Different Situations According to the Path-Goal theory, subordinates as well as task characteristics fundamentally creates an effective impact upon motivating the subordinates within the workplace. In this context, task characteristics comprise the design of formal autho rity arrangement of the organization and job structure of subordinates within the place of work. ... In relation to identify the leadership style of Path-Goal especially in the situation of subordinates’ characteristics, it has been viewed that the attributes of the subordinates of a specific organization decides how and which way the work objectives can be attained. In this context, the leadership style of Path-Goal signifies that the subordinates who possess effective qualities of association as well as cooperation can successfully accomplish their predetermined work targets. For instance if the business leaders understand the characteristics of the subordinates in every aspect of their working activities, then both the organizations as well as the subordinates can attain their expected work objectives (House, 1996; Northouse, 2009). Appropriateness and Effectiveness of Action Taken According to the theory of Path-Goal, subordinate characteristics and offering effective tasks to them can effectively influence the overall operations of the organizations by a greater extent. In order to determine the action of applying leadership style or theory of Path-Goal in the situations like providing tasks and subordinates’ characteristics, it has been apparently observed that this leadership style assists the subordinates by delivering them with appropriate directions and minimizing any ambiguous situation (Northouse, 2009). By considering the situation of subordinate characteristics, Path-Goal style always intend to provide assistance to the subordinates in order to overcome any sort of job uncertainties. In this regard, job uncertainties can deteriorate the operational performance or the work activities of the subordinates by a considerable level (Northouse, 2009). Thus, on the basis of the above discussion, it can broadly be stated that the aspect

Rab Ne bana di Jodi analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rab Ne bana di Jodi analysis - Essay Example Rab Ne bana di Jodi analysis Being somewhat reserved and anxious not to displease the beautiful young woman, he tried to be as good a husband to her as he can be. But he is not very successful in establishing a good relationship with her and a distance begins to creep in; the once vivacious young woman become morose and withdrawn after the death of her father. Finally, in desperation, Surinder, with the help of his somewhat radical hairdresser friend, assumes an alter ego – one that appears much younger due to his style of dressing. As Surinder, he grants permission to his young wife to join dance classes in order to enter a dance competition and during the first session, he presents himself to her as her partner for the dance competition. Throughout the rest of the film, he preserve his dual identity – of the straightforward, somewhat boring and staid husband in a kurta pyjama versus the dashing young man dressed in tight jeans and T-shirts, named Raj. The first scene where Raj finds himself paire d to his wife and discovers that she does not recognize him with his changed appearance and style of dressing is one of the most important scenes in the film. This leads on to several sequences where Raj slowly gains the young woman’s confidence and ultimately finds out how much affection and regard she holds for her husband. He is dressed in tight jeans and a T shirt, which he is uncomfortable wearing, but his anxiety to observe his wife and what she is doing overpower his discomfort.

Human Resource Management Models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Resource Management Models - Essay Example The soft approach appears to be the better option considering the human ability to change and adapt, but as we will see, it cannot be used alone to manage human resources. We need to integrate approaches and find a multidisciplinary approach to dealing with people. How much of people management depends on theory and how much cannot be measured "In theory, practice and in the workplace experience, though people appear to be of central concern, the rich, warm, unpredictable face of humanity are all too clearly absent." Perhaps the most difficult question to answer is whether people are better lead or managed. Do people respond better when encouraged by a leader or when they are managed To begin with, it is necessary to understand what human resource management is and how it works. Every business runs on resources and the one resource that it cannot function without, is its staff. Human resource management is therefore about getting the most out of staff members (Human Resource Management Guide). Human resource management also, however, includes deciding which individuals are better suited to which position as well as conducting sufficient research to determine the best placement of individuals (McNamara 2008). We can now determine what has to be done with regards to human resource management, but there are two ways of going about this: we can either look at the humanistic approach or at the objective 'hard' approach. ... Two schools of thought were developed with hard and soft theories in mind: Harvard and Michigan. Harvard follows the soft model more closely while Michigan is based on the soft model. The normative model seeks to consolidate both the strategic management of the business as well as the interpretive model which is considered soft (Gill: 3). The problem here is that according to Gill (1999) "there are problems in the integration of HRM policy with business strategy and evidence indicates that HRM is more ad hoc than strategic."(Gill 1999: 3). In this case, one cannot assume that what is good for he business is necessarily good for the employee (Gill 1999: 3). The hard model would therefore focus on the employee as a resource, assuming that whatever causes the business to soar, will automatically uplift the employee (Gill 1999: 4). The intuitive problem is that humans are not controllable and they are not constant. Human's cannot be 'paid off' or compensated with more pay without regarding emotions or feelings even though this is a simple solution to a complex issue. In Gill and Meyer (2007) it was ascertained that outsourcing of certain business portions yielded dramatic results (Gill and Meyer 2007: 4). These results were not necessarily good ones, in the sense that businesses no longer had to employ people to do the jobs they could outsource, leading to job-losses and retrenchment. Despite this, there has to be an increase in individual 'soft' model relationships with employees if the employee numbers are smaller (Gill and Meyer 2007: 4-5). According to Gill and Meyer too, human resource management has to "manage the simultaneous pursu it of soft and

Lefeveres Concept of Translation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Lefeveres Concept of Translation - Essay Example The work of Andrà © Lefevere in translation studies is based on some very strongly held views about the nature of writing and rewriting as these activities have been conceived throughout all of human history. The quotation mentioned above summarizes one particular key theory of his, which is concerned with the relationship which exists between translation and power. This paper will examine Lefevere’s concept of translation by breaking the statement quoted above into four distinct segments, each of which will be discussed in turn: The first of the four segments of Lefevere’s quotation is quite straightforward and seems simple enough at first reading. Lefevre classifies translation as â€Å"a rewriting of an original text.† It is true that translations are â€Å"rewritings† or re-formulations of other texts, but it is questionable whether translations are always rewritings of an original text. Many post-structuralists would maintain that no text is ever truly original since every text stands in some relation to texts which have gone before. The concept of â€Å"intertextuality† indeed assumes a long chain of connections reaching back in time and across cultures so that every text that exists could be said to be a â€Å"rewriting†, or a decoding and re-encoding of other texts. Other scholars would argue that the very concept of â€Å"text† is fraught with problems because that â€Å"text† changes its nature every single time it is read by another person. What a r eader puts into a text is, therefore, from this point of view, just as important as what the writer puts in, what the translator puts in, and what the text gathers to itself through multiple other unintended connections. Looking back over world literature it is very striking that stories which authors have written over the centuries have depended on other stories, legends and â€Å"texts† that have come before.

Managing Cultural Diversity Management Essay

Managing Cultural Diversity Management Essay Davis (2003, p. 45) argues that cultural differences are usually created by race-ethnicity, gender, function, and tenure among the organization factors. Difference in culture may result to the rise of conflicts among team members. This usually results to disrupted communication within the organization and eventually negative outcomes. Therefore, it is the role of every organization and entire management to come up with various ways of managing and reducing negative effects of cultural differences. Management in various organizations should ensure that they are able to detect and avoid such cases from arising. Political backgrounds and experience are other major factors that contribute to cultural differences. Multicultural teams and differences in most occasions generate dilemmas in the organization management. Cultural differences usually create considerable obstacles to efficient teamwork. Recognizing various underlying cultural causes of conflicts is the main challenge in managing multicultural teams by organizations management. It is also a great challenge for management to get teams back into the track as well as empowering members to manage and deal with the challenges of cultural differences in future. Work-group diversity has become one of the most challenging issues that are facing various organizations currently. Various factors like demographic, cultural and legal factors have greatly changed the composition of organizations work forces. Demographic factors include multi-culturalism, equality initiatives, globalization, and declining birth rates. Therefore, this requires managers, employers, and employees to be sensitive to both intra- and intergroup differences. They are also required to adopt practices and policies which are effective in coping with such changes. Managing cultural diversification Ely Thomas, (2001, p. 230) maintains that managers and team members can manage cultural differences. This is only possible if they adopt and chose the right strategies within their organizations. Cultural difference poses various challenges which include hindering success within the organization. They pose as a barrier to effective communication which is a key element in any organization. Cultural difference creates differing attitudes towards authority and hierarchy hence difference in the ways people are treated. It also leads to conflicts especially when making decisions. These challenges are a great hindrance towards success and development of any organization. Therefore, managers need to come up with various strategies and policies in ensuring cultural differences and challenges are eliminated. According to Nankervis, Compton Baird, (2002, p. 120), they are four main strategies of dealing with cultural challenges for managers and various teams in organizations. They include adaption, structural intervention, managerial intervention and exit. Adaption mainly involves acknowledgement of cultural gaps frankly and even working around them. Managerial intervention involves early setting of norms and even bringing in of high-level management. Structural intervention is changing of the teams shape. Exit involves removing a team member in case the options have failed. They are several steps that any organizations management can adopt in dealing and eliminating cultural differences. Identification of the challenge is the key and first step in dealing with multicultural differences. Assessing the circumstances under which the differences are occurring is another crucial step towards dealing with multicultural differences. Adaption is a great strategy that organizations encourage in dealing with cultural diversity. This involves teams finding various ways of working with and around the challenge that they encounter. It also involves adapting practices and attitudes without necessarily making changes to the assignment of the group. Adaption works well when members of the team or organization acknowledge and even name their differences in culture as well as assuming their responsibilities. It also involves figuring on various ways to live with the cultural differences. Adaption has been seen as the best way of dealing with cultural diversity difference as it does not demand a lot of time as compared to other strategies. This is mainly because members of the team take part in problem solving while learning from the process. This kind of mind set plays a great role in ensuring there are creative in protecting their cultural differences within the organization. Organization taking this type of initiative en sures that cultural diversity does not affect its performance and operations among its teams. Various organizations managements have found adaption as an ideal strategy towards solving cultural diversity. This is mainly because it is effective and solves its own problem with little input from management. Team members must be aware of this strategy in order for it to be successful in solving the intended problems or differences. However, negotiating a common understanding may take sometime among the team members. Structural intervention is another way that organizations are utilizing in ensuring they manage the cultural diversity. It is an intentional reorganization or reassignment that is designed to reduce or eliminate source of conflict between people or teams. It is also intended to reduce interpersonal frictions that largely contribute to cultural diversity. The strategy works effectively when obvious subgroups separate the team. This is mainly if team members are clinging to negative stereotypes of one another or feel threatened. Structural intervention also involves creating smaller working groups of diversified cultures. This enables team members to know and even respect every team member. Various organizations utilize or use this strategy as it encourages reduction of cultural diversity within the organization. Structural intervention as a strategy for managing cultural diversity shields people who are not working well in a team. Managerial intervention also plays a vital role in solving organizations cultural diversity effects. Although the failure to involve team in decision making may result to a stalemate, it is important for managers to intervene when cultural diversity blocks the success of decision making. Managerial intervention has been used in many occasions by various organizations to solve sort out its problems effectively. Setting norms early in a team through managerial intervention assists the team towards starting out effectively. Managers encourage team members to encourage each other towards ensuring everybody is appreciated and encouraged to work with each other despite cultural diversity. Managers address the issues like language barrier and ethnic diversity directly. They encourage them on various ways to solve cultural diversity within the team and entire organization. Exit is another strategy that is utilized towards reducing the problems of cultural diversity. This is usually the last and infrequent strategy towards managing cultural differences. It is important for those members who are not happy with their teams to move out of the team to another team. This will ensure there is continued delivery of efficient services. Exit of one or several members is used by organizations as a last resort. One or several members of the team or organization may be kindly requested formally by management to exit. They may also exit voluntarily from the team. According to Bhatia Chaudary (2003, p. 25), managing diverse culture within an organization is not an easy task. Realizing and managing cultural diversity within an organization has been on the increase. This is assisting greatly in facilitating organizational progress and success. On a broad perspective, organizations can manage cultural diversity through communication. This is creating awareness among the employees and various teams on the importance of diverse values of peers. Another way is through cultivating; this is facilitating encouragement, support, and appreciation of any employee achievement by all other colleagues. Diverse culture can also be managed through capitalizing strategies. This involves linking diversity to every process of business and strategy such as employee development, re-engineering, succession planning, performance review and management. Organizations also adopt various innovative ways towards management of cultural diversity. This includes incorporating various people from different cultural backgrounds as well as acknowledging the importance of their cultural. Appreciating people cultural background usually leads to reduced background differences. This ensures there is a common organizational diversity that does not affect the performance of various teams. Organizations have also started empowerment to all members regardless of race or gender. Empowerment is crucial towards making of an effective decision making. Towards reducing culture diversity difference, organizations are encouraging free contribution towards decision making processes. Utilization of empowerment in diverse organizations results to more trust among the team members as well as higher productivity. Empowerment in an organization with diverse culture has been seen to make team members feel their contribution in a manner that is more worthwhile and meaningful. This assists greatly towards improvement of diversity climate hence accomplishment of organization objectives. It is also crucial for various organizations to initiate diversity training programs as illustrated by Perkins, (2006, p. 60). Leaders and managers in organizations should be trained on how to manage and understand culturally diversified employees. Employees as well should be provided with adequate training on the importance of understanding people with different cultures. This will greatly assist in improving the differences that arise when people of different cultures work together. Training is crucial towards the breakdown of stereotypes as well as reducing prejudicial attitudes among the team members. Mentoring and networks are other effective ways towards improvement of the diversity climate. Mentors usually provide recognition, support, and challenge in order to assist in shaping the future for those individuals they are assisting. Mentors are in most occasions beneficial mainly because it assists in keeping minorities on the track. It also assists in keeping them focused withi n any culturally diversified organization. Networking is also another crucial process that assists organizations in managing the cultural diversity within the teams. Networking acts as a source of encouragement and support to various employees with diversified cultural differences. It is also crucial for organizations to strength top-management commitment towards creating a positive diversity climate within the organization. This commitment should be distributed even to the lowest management levels. All managers at every level within an organization should openly and strongly support all policies, strategies, and practices that support the management of culture diversity. This will greatly assist towards reducing culture diversification related challenges within an organization. It will assist in improving and increasing the benefits associated with culture diversity. Conclusion Cultural differences that face multicultural teams may not necessary attribute to diversity challenges. However, these differences underlay the problems that require to be addressed in various teams in organizations. Cultural diversity may not only have negative effects on the working of a team, but they may result to problems in management as well. If any organizations management intervenes early in any cultural challenge within the organization, this may lead to good resolution of the problem. Organizations management should set up norms; structure social interaction as well as engaging all people within the team in solving problems arising due to cultural difference. Managing cultural diversity well has various benefits that are associated with it. Effective management of cultural diversity usually results to organizational benefits or success. Organizations with an effective managed multi-culture have a cost effective competitive edge. It also results to the promotion of minority friendly reputation among prospective employees. Organization with good management of cultural diversity usually results to an increased flexibility and adaptability in case of any environmental changes. Effective management of culture diversity will assist in improving and increasing the benefits associated with culture diversity.